Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Early Brain Edema Score (SEBES) as a radiographic marker of clinically relevant intracranial hypertension and unfavorable outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage

Abstract

Background and purpose: The severity of early brain edema (EBE) after aneurysm rupture was reported to be strongly associated with the risk of poor outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Using the recently developed Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Early Brain Edema Score (SEBES), we analyzed the predictors of EBE and its impact on complications related to intracranial pressure (ICP) increase after SAH and on poor outcome. Methods: All consecutive SAH cases treated between January 2003 and June 2016 with assessable SEBES were included (n = 745). Data on demographic characteristics, medical history, initial severity of SAH, need for conservative ICP treatment and decompressive craniectomy, occurrence of cerebral infarctions and unfavorable outcome at 6 months (modified Rankin scale score > 2) were collected. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed. Results: Younger age (<55 years; adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 3.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.28–4.38), female sex (aOR 1.64, 95% CI 1.16–2.31), poor initial clinical condition (World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies score 4–5; aOR 1.74, 95% CI 1.23–2.46), presence of intracerebral hemorrhage (aOR 1.63, 95% CI 1.12–2.36), hypothyroidism (aOR 0.60, 95% CI 0.37–0.98) and renal comorbidity (aOR 0.29, 95% CI 0.11–0.78) were independently associated with SEBES (scores 3–4). There was an independent association between SEBES 3–4 and the need for conservative ICP treatment (aOR 2.43, 95% CI 1.73–3.42), decompressive craniectomy (aOR 2.68, 95% CI 1.84–3.89), development of cerebral infarcts (aOR 2.24, 95% CI 1.53–3.29) and unfavorable outcome (aOR 1.48, 95% CI 1.0–2.17). Conclusions: SEBES is a reliable predictor of ICP-related complications and poor outcome of SAH. Our findings highlight the need for further research of the impact of patients’ demographic characteristics and comorbidities on the severity of EBE after SAH.