Chloride Insertion Enhances the Electrochemical Oxidation of Iron Hydroxide Double-Layer Hydroxide into Oxyhydroxide in Alkaline Iron Batteries

Abstract

Rechargeable alkaline iron batteries that constitute environmentally benign electrolytes and earth-abundant industrial materials are desirable green solutions for large-scale energy storage. As one of the most abundant metal elements in the earth’s crust, iron (Fe) can satisfy nearly all criteria for low-cost and safe battery electrodes. However, challenges in achieving reversible Fe redox impede their extensive implementation in modern energy supply systems. This study revealed that Cl-anion insertion into Fe(OH)2 layered double hydroxide (LDH) formed a green rust intermediate phase with the formula [Fe22+Fe13+(HO-)6]+[Cl]−, which assisted a high Fe(OH)2/FeOOH conversion reaction (64.7%) and improved cycling stability. This new iron redox chemistry was validated by operando X-ray diffraction, electrochemical testing, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, scanning transmission electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (STEM-EDS) mapping, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Our study provides new insight into designing LDH materials for high-capacity alkaline iron batteries.