How ‘soft’ power shapes transboundary water interaction

Abstract

Predictions of water wars between states are numerous and frequent. To date, no such events have actually eventuated. This article shows that many transboundary basins exhibit a mix of cooperation and conflict that is embodied in a range of nonviolent, co-­‐ optative power manifestations collectively known as 'soft power'. The authors find relations between riparians to be governed by a wide spectrum of power instruments, from side payments and bribery to persuasion and inciting desire to emulating success. The incorporation of 'soft' power into the analysis of conflicts in hegemonic contexts provides insight into the choices riparian states (can) make or avoid in their transboundary water interaction; and into how negotiations and treaties can lead towards conflict management but not necessarily to conflict resolution.