Gender-/Sex-Specific Differences in Clinical Trials in Uro-Oncology

Abstract

Subgroup analyses in clinical trials sometimes reveal gender-/sex-dependent differences in cancer outcomes. However, drug approvals are rarely restricted to a specific sex or gender, and recommendations regarding dosage are rarely tailored accordingly. Furthermore, discrepancies exist between the gender-/sex-dependent enrollment rates in clinical trials and real-world incidence or mortality rates. This article highlights gender-/sex differences in clinical trials in uro-oncology.