A review on the application of bio-sand filters for arsenic removal

Abstract

Safe and clean water is fundamental for life on Earth. Sustainable water management practices, including the reuse of nonpoint source water, greywater, and stormwater, have become increasingly important, especially in regions where groundwater is often contaminated with substances like nitrites, nitrates, arsenic, chloride, and sulfur. This challenge is particularly acute in many developing countries. Among these contaminants, arsenic poses a significant threat to global health. This study focuses on addressing the critical issue of arsenic removal from wastewater. Bio-sand filters (BSFs), known for their affordability, simplicity, and ease of construction, have gained popularity as a sustainable solution. These filters, composed of sand, gravel, and adsorbents, utilize natural processes for water purification. Meanwhile, modern advancements employ innovative materials to enhance arsenic removal efficiency. This review examines the global health impacts of arsenic contamination, evaluates various removal technologies, analyzes the design and materials of BSFs, and discusses their economic benefits and operational factors influencing performance.