Complications of anemia in pregnancy: An updated overview for healthcare professionals

Abstract

Anemia in pregnancy is a critical public health concern, affecting millions of women globally, particularly in low-resource settings. Defined by hemoglobin levels below 11 g/dL, this condition is primarily caused by nutritional deficiencies, chronic diseases, and genetic disorders, leading to severe maternal and fetal complications. This review provides an updated and comprehensive overview of the complications of anemia in pregnancy, highlighting the importance of early detection, effective management, and preventive strategies to mitigate its adverse outcomes. Maternal complications of anemia during pregnancy include an increased risk of mortality, susceptibility to infections, preterm labor, postpartum hemorrhage, and cardiac issues. Fetal complications are equally concerning, with risks of intrauterine growth restriction, preterm birth, perinatal mortality, and long-term neurodevelopmental impairments. Understanding these complications underscores the necessity for routine screening, accurate diagnosis, and timely intervention to improve health outcomes for both mother and child. Effective management of anemia in pregnancy involves a multifaceted approach, including nutritional supplementation, dietary modifications, and medical interventions such as parenteral iron therapy and blood transfusions. Prevention through regular antenatal care, health education, and public health initiatives is essential. By equipping healthcare professionals with the knowledge and tools to address anemia in pregnancy, this review aims to enhance maternal and fetal health outcomes, ultimately reducing the global burden of this condition.