Mode of death in elderly and super-elderly patients with acute heart failure: Insights from Japanese heart failure registry

Abstract

Background: In Japan, both the prevalence of the elderly and super-elderly and those of acute heart failure (AHF) have been increasing rapidly. Methods: This registry was a prospective multicenter cohort, which enrolled a total of 1253 patients with AHF. In this study, 1117 patients' follow-up data were available and were categorized into three groups according to age: <75 years old (nonelderly), 75–84 years old (elderly), and ≥ 85 years old (super-elderly). The endpoint was defined as all-cause death and each mode of death after discharge during the 3-years follow-up period. Results: Based on the Kaplan–Meier analysis, a gradually increased risk of all-cause death according to age was found. Among the three groups, the proportion of HF death was of similar trend; however, the proportion of infection death was higher in elderly and super-elderly patients. After adjusting for potentially confounding effects using the Cox and Fine–Gray model, the hazard ratio (HR) of all-cause death increased significantly in elderly and super-elderly patients (HR, 2.60; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.93–3.54 and HR, 5.04; 95% CI, 3.72–6.92, respectively), when compared with nonelderly patients. The highest sub-distribution HR in detailed mode of death was infection death in elderly and super-elderly patients (HR, 4.25; 95% CI, 1.75–10.33 and HR, 10.10; 95% CI, 3.78–27.03, respectively). Conclusions: In this population, the risk of all-cause death was found to increase in elderly and super-elderly. Elderly patients and especially super-elderly patients with AHF were at a higher risk for noncardiovascular death, especially infection death.