Electrochemical 3D micro- and nanoprinting: Current state and future perspective

Abstract

3D Printing in the micro- and nanoscale is a challenge extensively researched by the additive manufacturing community. Unlocking the third dimension adds an unprecedented degree of freedom for the fabrication of complex structures unavailable with conventional 2D microfabrication techniques. Electrochemical 3D printing methods provide sophisticated solutions tackling many of the problems arising when shrinking voxel sizes toward micro- or even nanometer scales, especially for the manufacturing of fine conductive (mostly metal) structures. Herein, we review the current state-of-the-art methods of electrochemical additive manufacturing and discuss their perspective for future advances in terms of technology advancement in resolution and speed, materials, and applications for printing functional devices.