Flexible, biocompatible, and biodegradable memristive materials and devices for neuromorphic computing

Abstract

The semiconductor industry is undergoing rapid transformation to overcome the limits of transistor scaling and to meet the increasing demands of artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things. Neuromorphic devices that integrate flexibility, biocompatibility, and biodegradability offer new opportunities for sustainable, wearable, and implantable computing systems capable of seamless integration with biological environments, advancing the vision of green electronics. This review summarizes recent advances in flexible, biocompatible, and biodegradable materials for neuromorphic applications, highlighting their ability to emulate synaptic functions while maintaining mechanical compliance, biosafety, and environmental sustainability. We examine major material classes, including natural polymers, hydrogels, biocompatible metal oxides, and transient electronic systems, and discuss their roles in resistive switching, ionic–electronic conduction, and adaptive learning. Finally, we address the critical challenge of balancing high performance with biocompatibility and environmental friendliness, and we highlight emerging directions, such as multifunctional, self-healing, and energy-autonomous neuromorphic systems.