Comparative Analysis of Commercial and Novel High-Pressure Membranes for Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Removal

Abstract

High-pressure membrane technologies can be effective in mitigating perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) contamination in water matrices. This review explores recent developments in both commercial (e.g., NF and RO) and novel membrane technologies, focusing on their removal mechanisms, influential factors, and challenges. Key determinants, including solution pH, PFAS molecular structure, co-contaminants, and natural organic matter, are summarized for their impacts on PFAS removal efficiency. Novel membranes incorporating materials like graphene oxide, quaternary ammonium compounds, and metal–organic frameworks are highlighted for their potential to enhance PFAS removal, particularly the removal of short-chain PFAS. Despite promising developments, challenges such as fouling, energy demands, and scalability necessitate further research. This review highlights the significance of lab-scale studies and innovative designs in bridging the gap between laboratory findings and practical applications, thereby paving the way for sustainable, large-scale PFAS treatment.