Prebiotics, Probiotics and Synbiotics

Abstract

Prebiotics and probiotics are tools for managing the microbiota and enhancing human health. They aim for gastrointestinal effects via the gut, although direct administration to other sites, such as the oral cavity, vaginal canal, and skin has been investigated. Here, we discuss human gut-related impacts. Over the past ten years, there has been a fast surge in studies on the gut microbiome, which has corresponded with an increase in interest in probiotics and prebiotics as a strategy to alter gut microbiota. Despite the relevance of these strategies for public health, it is important to reaffirm the details and evidence that support their clinical usage. We review the scientific research on probiotics and prebiotics in this chapter, together with mechanistic insights into potential health benefits. However, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Saccharomyces strains have a long history of safe and effective use as probiotics. Roseburia, Akkermansia, Propionibacterium, and Faecalibacterium species also show promise for the future. More information is also emerging regarding the prebiotic effects of other compounds, such as oligomers of mannose, glucose, xylose, pectin, starches, human milk, and polyphenols. Glucans and fructans are well-established prebiotics.