Lightning attachment processes of three natural lightning discharges

Abstract

Using a high-speed optical imaging system specifically designed for observing the lightning attachment process, we have documented the attachment process for six strokes in three natural lightning flashes. All strokes initiate at a height above ground and propagate bidirectionally from that height, similar to the return strokes of artificially initiated (triggered) lightning previously reported by Wang et al. (2013, 2014). Though the data are quite limited, these natural return strokes suggest a correlation between larger peak current and greater initiation height. Initiation heights determined here span 12–60mwith a typical uncertainty of less than 10 m. The initial upward return stroke luminosity speeds range from(0.8 ± 0.2) to (2.0 ± 0.4) × 108 m/s. Two first return strokes downward luminosity speeds are assessed as (1.6 ± 0.3) × 107 m/s and (1.4 ± 0.3) × 108 m/s. One of the first return strokes appeared to be initiated with a stepping pulse discharge of its leader as an inseparable part of the return stroke.