Electrical Conductivity-Based Estimation of Unfrozen Water Content in Saturated Saline Frozen Sand

Abstract

The salinity of the pore solution is closely associated with the unfrozen water content and can be reflected by variation in electrical conductivity in frozen soils. However, the influence of salinity was not considered in the existing models for estimation of unfrozen water content based on electrical conductivity measurement, and a model considering the effect of salt content was therefore developed to estimate the change of unfrozen water content of saline sands with variation of salt content (0%, 0.2%, and 1%). The unfrozen water content and the electrical resistivity were measured by nuclear magnetic resonance (NRM) and using resistance test equipment under a temperature ranging from 25°C to -15°C, respectively. The results indicated that the model using a cementation exponent expressed by a piecewise function with respect to temperature can produce a reasonable estimation on the content of unfrozen water. There was an essential difference between nonsaline and saline frozen sands in the increase of electrical resistivity due to the different reduction rates of unfrozen water content. The variation of electrical resistivity in nonsaline sand was mainly caused by the decrease of free water when temperature was higher than the freezing point and adsorbed water when temperature was lower than the freezing point, whereas the reduction of free water in two stages was the main reason for the variation of electrical resistivity in saline sand. The results and data obtained provided a basis for further developing a novel approach to measure the unfrozen water content in the field.