LiDAR-derived high-resolution geomorphological analysis for archaeology: Case study of the Gunditjmara aquaculture engineering systems at Budj Bim, Australia

Abstract

Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) derived from LiDAR surveys have become essential tools in predictive archaeological analysis. The increasing affordability and accessibility of high-resolution, large-coverage datasets have opened new avenues for archaeologists to detect a diverse array of sites. These datasets facilitate the examination of broad spatial distributions, functional relationships, and patterns of landscape use by past populations over time. Notably, high-resolution LiDAR data enable the identification of sites that have previously eluded detection due to their small size or state of deterioration. In this context, we review current practices and methodological advancements in terrain analysis, focusing on a range of numerous small sites distributed across the extensive UNESCO World Heritage-listed Budj Bim Cultural Landscape in Victoria, Australia. We focus on advanced DEM analysis and visualisation, and outline the potential of machine learning, particularly when successively ground truthed by Gunditjmara Traditional Owners and staff of Gunditj Mirring Traditional Owners Aboriginal Corporation (GMTOAC).