Innovations in Biopesticides: The Role of Plant-Based Biopesticides in Sustainable Agriculture

Abstract

The intensifying demand for eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic pesticides has propelled the advancement of plant-based biopesticides as a sustainable solution in modern agriculture. Derived from botanical sources, these biopesticides including essential oils, plant extracts, and secondary metabolites offer multi-target pest control with minimal environmental impact, improved food safety, and enhanced compatibility with integrated pest management (IPM) systems. This review comprehensively explores the historical context, chemical diversity, and biological efficacy of plant-based biopesticides, while highlighting innovations in extraction and formulation technologies such as nanoencapsulation, microencapsulation, and controlled-release systems that enhance their stability, bioavailability, and field performance. Furthermore, it discusses recent regulatory frameworks, market challenges, and the integration of multi-omics, synthetic biology, RNA interference (RNAi), and CRISPR-based approaches for the development of next-generation biopesticides. While plant-based solutions face adoption barriers such as regulatory complexity, variable efficacy, and higher production costs, advancements in biotechnology and interdisciplinary collaboration offer promising avenues for overcoming these challenges. Future research must focus on improving formulation stability, streamlining regulations, expanding pest control spectra, and ensuring scalability for wider adoption. This review underscores the transformative potential of plant-based biopesticides in achieving resilient, environmentally sound, and health-conscious agricultural systems.