Towards a consensus definition of maternal wellbeing: a scoping review

Abstract

Previous research on maternal wellbeing has been fragmented, with a focus on discrete domains, such as psychological distress, physical recovery, and social support, and without an overarching conceptual framework. Although general wellbeing models have shaped broader health discourse, their relevance to maternal wellbeing remains underexplored. Most studies have also originated from high-income countries and have overlooked structural determinants and the lived realities of women in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). Maternal wellbeing has now been defined and conceptualised across the perinatal period (from conception to 12 months postpartum) and mapped against five models of wellbeing. Five key elements were identified-subjectivity, multidimensionality, interrelated domains, the maternal transition, and time-bound evolution-revealing crucial gaps, including the neglect of structural determinants and under-representation of LMICs. By integrating both explicit definitions and implicit conceptualisations, a comprehensive foundation has been produced for advancing maternal wellbeing research and measurement. A unified multidimensional framework that is grounded in maternal experiences and inclusive of social determinants is urgently needed to inform global policy, guide research investment, and support more equitable and responsive maternal health-care systems.