Internet of Things (IoT): A Review of Security Challenges and Solutions

Abstract

To improve people's quality of life (QoL), one of the most promising technologies is the Internet of Things (IoT). Since of the variety of IoT settings, it is essential to address and analyse IoT security problems since IoT applications operate differently. To help developers and businesses identify timely and suitable solutions to address particular dangers and provide the finest IoT-based services, it would be helpful to highlight the IoT security problems along with prospective and accessible solutions. It concluded that the growing integration of IoT devices across industries and personal spaces amplifies security and privacy concerns. This review outlined key challenges across IoT architecture layers—sensing, network, middleware, and application—and explored advanced solutions such as machine learning, blockchain, and edge computing. Effective security demands intelligent, adaptive systems capable of identifying threats and mitigating risks in real time. Emerging frameworks like lightweight replay attack detection, deep learning for malware hunting, and memory-efficient key schemes demonstrate promising directions. Continued research and innovation are essential to fortify IoT ecosystems and ensure secure, resilient deployments in the face of evolving cyber threats.