Prevalence, Gender Differences and Associated Factors of Depression among Adults with Type 2 Diabetes, Jordan

Abstract

Our objectives were to estimate the prevalence of depression and its associated factors among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted among type 2 diabetics aged ≥ 18 years during the period from 1st of November 2013 to 1st of March 2014. A total of 1591 patients were studied. Depression was assessed using the Arabic version of Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), a cut-off point of 10 was used to categorize depression. Prevalence rates of overall, major and minor depression were 40%, 8.7% and 25.5%, respectively. Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that age, sex, educational level, smoking status, DM complications especially neuropathy, vitamin D3 level and family support were significant. Whereas, marital status, monthly income, BMI, glycemic control and support of friends and significant others were not significant. Old age, maleness, higher education, non-smoking, adequate vitamin D3 level, absence of DM complications and presence of family support were significantly less likely to have depression. Depression is highly prevalent among diabetic patients. Factors associated with depression differ by gender and perceived family support is a protective factor against depression.