Long-term Persistence of Native New York Entomopathogenic Nematode Isolates Across Crop Rotation

Abstract

Entompathogenic nematodes are found worldwide in a wide array of soil habitats with a broad host range and significant variation in foraging strategies. The primary use of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) in managed plant systems has been focused on inundative releases in a biopesticide strategy. Little effort has been placed in investigating the use of natural occurring or adapted EPN strains for long-term suppression of pest outbreaks in managed systems. This study examined the potential of EPN isolates from Northern New York (NNY), inoculated at a low level (250 million IJ/ha), which are climate adapted and their persistent characteristics preserved to maintain population levels in agricultural fields (N = 82) for multiple years and across crop rotation (alfalfa:corn:alfalfa). Persistence levels for Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) (Rhabditida:Steinernematidae) ranged between 8 and 12% of the soil cores assayed in continuous alfalfa and 1-14% of the soil cores assayed in continuous corn rotated from EPN treated alfalfa. Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) residual persistence level ranged between 17 and 32% in continuous alfalfa and 22-41% in continuous corn rotated from EPN treated alfalfa. Combined EPN level ranged between 27 and 43% of the soil cores in continuous alfalfa and 28-55% in continuous corn rotated from EPN-treated alfalfa. Inspection of individual fields suggested EPN populations established in prior years at the residual soil core level of 18-35% can respond positively to an increase of susceptible hosts in both alfalfa and corn, often increasing their presence to 100%.