Relative level of bacteriophage multiplication in vitroor in phyllosphere may not predict in planta efficacy for controlling bacterial leaf spot on tomato caused by xanthomonas perforans

Abstract

Following analysis of eight phages under in vitro, growth chamber and greenhouse conditions with the bacterial spot of tomato pathogen Xanthomonas perforans, there was no correlation between disease control efficacy and in vitro phage multiplication, in vitro bacterial suppression, or in vivo phage multiplication in the presence of the host, but there was a low correlation between phage persistence on the leaf surface and disease control. Two of the 8 virulent phages (FXv3-21 and FXp06-02) were selected for in depth analysis with two X. Perforans (Xp06-2-1 and Xp17-12) strains. In in vitro experiments, phage FXv3-21 was equally effective in infecting the two bacterial strains based on efficiency of plating (EOP). Phage FXp06-02, on the other hand, had a high EOP on strain Xp06-2-1 but a lower EOP on strain Xp17-12. In several growth chamber experiments, FXv3-21 was less effective than phage FXp06-02 in reducing disease caused by strain Xp06-2-1, but provided little or no disease control against strain Xp17-12. Interestingly, FXp06-02 could multiply to significantly higher levels on the tomato leaf surface than phage FXv3-21. The leaf surface appears to be important in terms of the ability of certain bacteriophages to multiply in the presence of the bacterial host. FXv3-21, when applied to grapefruit leaves in combination with a bacterial host, was unable to multiply to high levels, whereas on tomato leaflets the phage multiplied exponentially. One plausible explanation is that the leaf surface may be an important factor for attachment of certain phages to their bacterial host.