Efeitos em longo prazo da aplicação de gesso e calcário no sistema de plantio direto

Abstract

The effects of lime and gypsum are widely discussed in the literature, but their magnitude in relation to effects in the soil profile is dependent on the time since application of these inputs. Thus, the aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of long-term application of gypsum and lime on chemical properties of a soil in crop rotation in a no-till system. The experiment was carried out in Jaguariaíva, Paraná state, Brazil, in a sandy loam Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico típico (Oxisol), from 2002 to 2008. A randomized block experimental design was used in a factorial arrangement with ten treatments, consisting of five doses of gypsum (0, 1.5, 3.0, 6.0 and 12.0 Mg ha-1) and two doses of lime (0 and 3.42 Mg ha-1) with three replications. The following crops were evaluated over a period of 72 months: black oat (2004, 2006 and 2007), maize (2005/2006), wheat (2003) and soybean (2003/2004, 2004/2005, 2006/2007 and 2007/2008). Soil sampling and soil analysis was carried out in 2005 and 2008 up to a depth of 100 cm, and leaf tissue analysis of the soybean crop in 2007/2008. Liming amended pH, increased the concentration of Ca and Mg and decreased Al in the surface layers of the soil. Gypsum brought about an increase in pH and in the concentrations of Ca and S at greater depth, leached Mg and did not leach K. Liming increased the yield of maize, soybean (one of the four crop seasons evaluated) and black oat. Gypsum favored yield in corn and wheat, and in soybean only when there was water deficit. However, when there was no water stress, high doses of gypsum decreased soybean yield through inducing Mg deficiency.