The neozoan Elminius modestus Darwin (Crustacea, Cirripedia): Possible explanations for its successful invasion in European water

Abstract

Comparison of data from the literature has provided evidence that eurythermal and euryhaline adaptation of larvae and adults in combination with a long seasonal breeding period, high fecundity and short generation time have given Elminius modestus an advantage over indigenous cirripede species, allowing a rapid spread throughout European waters.