Treated, hospital-onset Clostridiodes difficile infection: An evaluation of predictors and feasibility of benchmarking comparing 2 risk-adjusted models among 265 hospitals

Abstract

Objectives: To evaluate the incidence of a candidate definition of healthcare facility-onset, treated Clostridioides difficile (CD) infection (cHT-CDI) and to identify variables and best model fit of a risk-adjusted cHT-CDI metric using extractable electronic heath data. Methods: We analyzed 9,134,276 admissions from 265 hospitals during 2015-2020. The cHT-CDI events were defined based on the first positive laboratory final identification of CD after day 3 of hospitalization, accompanied by use of a CD drug. The generalized linear model method via negative binomial regression was used to identify predictors. Standardized infection ratios (SIRs) were calculated based on 2 risk-adjusted models: a simple model using descriptive variables and a complex model using descriptive variables and CD testing practices. The performance of each model was compared against cHT-CDI unadjusted rates. Results: The median rate of cHT-CDI events per 100 admissions was 0.134 (interquartile range, 0.023-0.243). Hospital variables associated with cHT-CDI included the following: higher community-onset CDI (CO-CDI) prevalence; highest-quartile length of stay; bed size; percentage of male patients; teaching hospitals; increased CD testing intensity; and CD testing prevalence. The complex model demonstrated better model performance and identified the most influential predictors: hospital-onset testing intensity and prevalence, CO-CDI rate, and community-onset testing intensity (negative correlation). Moreover, 78% of the hospitals ranked in the highest quartile based on raw rate shifted to lower percentiles when we applied the SIR from the complex model. Conclusions: Hospital descriptors, aggregate patient characteristics, CO-CDI burden, and clinical testing practices significantly influence incidence of cHT-CDI. Benchmarking a cHT-CDI metric is feasible and should include facility and clinical variables.