Glycyrrhizic acid prevents oxidative stress mediated DNA damage response through modulation of autophagy in ultraviolet-B-irradiated human primary dermal fibroblasts

Abstract

Background/Aims: Excessive exposure to UV radiation negatively affects the human skin, characterized by photo-damage (premature aging & carcinogenesis). UV-B radiation causes about 90% of non-melanoma skin cancers by damaging de-oxy ribonucleic acids (DNA). We have previously reported that UV-B radiation induces skin photodamage through oxidative & Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) stresses and Glycyrrhizic acid (GA), a natural triterpene, protects skin cells against such stresses. UV-B radiation elicits signalling cascade by activation of proteins involved in sensing, signalling, and repair process of DNA damage. In this study, we explored the effects & mechanisms of Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) against UV-B-induced photodamage using a well established cellular model. Methods: We used primary human dermal fibroblasts as a cellular model. The cells were cultured in the presence or absence of GA for 3,6, & 24 h. Effect of UV-B was assessed by examining cell viability, cell morphology, oxidative stress, ER stress, DNA damage & cellular autophagy levels through biochemical assays, microscopy & protein expression studies. Results: In this study, we have determined the effect of GA on autophagy mediated DNA damage response system as the main mechanism in preventing photodamage due to UV-B-irradiation to primary human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). GA treatment to UV-B exposed HDFs, significantly inhibited cell death, oxidative & ER stress responses, prevented Cyclobutane Pyrimidine dimer (CPD) DNA adduct formation, and DNA fragmentation via modulation of UV-B induced autophagic flux. Present results showed that GA treatment quenched reactive oxygen species (ROS), relieved ER stress response, improved autophagy (6 hr's post-UV-B-irradiation) and prevented UV-B induced DNA damage. Conclusion: The present study links autophagy induction by GA as the main mechanism in the prevention of DNA damage and provides a mechanistic basis for the photoprotective effect of GA and suggests that GA can be potentially developed as a promising agent against UV-B induced skin photo-damage.