Distinct Phospholipases A2 Regulate the Release of Arachidonic Acid for Eicosanoid Production and Superoxide Anion Generation in Neutrophils

Abstract

Arachidonic acid (AA) released from membrane phospholipids by phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is important as a substrate for eicosanoid formation and as a second messenger for superoxide anion (O2−) generation in neutrophils. Different isoforms of PLA2 in neutrophils might mobilize AA for different functions. To test this possibility, we sought to characterize the PLA2s that are activated by the neutrophil stimuli, Aroclor 1242, a mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls, and A23187, a calcium ionophore. Both Aroclor 1242 and A23187 caused release of [3H]AA; however, O2− production was seen only in response to Aroclor 1242. Eicosanoids accounted for >85% of the radioactivity recovered in the supernatant of A23187-stimulated cells but <20% of the radioactivity recovered from cells exposed to Aroclor 1242. Omission or chelation of calcium abolished A23187-induced AA release, but did not alter AA release in Aroclor 1242-stimulated neutrophils. AA release and O2− production in response to Aroclor 1242 were inhibited by bromoenol lactone (BEL), an inhibitor of calcium-independent PLA2. BEL, however, did not alter A23187-induced release of AA. Cell-free assays demonstrated both calcium-dependent and calcium-independent PLA2 activity. Calcium-independent activity was inhibited >80% by BEL, whereas calcium-dependent activity was inhibited <5%. Furthermore, calcium-independent, but not calcium-dependent, PLA2 activity was significantly enhanced by Aroclor 1242. These data suggest that Aroclor 1242 and A23187 activate distinct isoforms of PLA2 that are linked to different functions: Aroclor 1242 activates a calcium-independent PLA2 that releases AA for the generation of O2−, and A23187 activates a calcium-dependent PLA2 that mobilizes AA for eicosanoid production.