Instant-form Hamiltonian and Becchi-Rouet-Stora-Tyutin formulations of the Nielsen-Olesen model in the broken symmetry phase

Abstract

The usual instant-form (equal-time) Hamiltonian and Becchi-Rouet-Stora-Tyutin formulations of the Nielsen-Olesen model are investigated in two-space one-time dimension in the broken (frozen) symmetry phase, where the phase φ(xμ) of the complex matter field φ(xμ) carries the charge degree of freedom of the complex matter field and is, in fact, akin to the Goldstone boson.