Depression and Anxiety Among Obese and Overweight Individuals in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract

The escalating prevalence of obesity in Saudi Arabia raises concerns about its impact on mental health. This meta-analysis explores the associations between obesity and the prevalence of depression and anxiety within the distinctive cultural context of Saudi Arabia. A systematic review identified 12 cross-sectional studies conducted in Saudi Arabia, collectively involving 17,232 participants. Pooled effect sizes were calculated for depression and anxiety outcomes among obese and overweight individuals. Heterogeneity was assessed, and subgroup analyses were planned to explore potential sources of variation. The meta-analysis revealed a significant association between obesity and overall depression (OR = 1.42, 95% CI (1.07, 1.87)), severe depression (OR = 1.76, 95% CI (1.08, 2.86)), and severe anxiety (OR = 1.62, 95% CI (1.24, 2.11)). Severe anxiety was also significantly associated with overweight status (OR = 1.46, 95% CI (1.12, 1.90)). However, no significant associations were found between depression and overweight status. Subgroup analyses were hindered by limited data. The overall prevalence of depression among obese individuals was 25.02%, and for anxiety, it was 29.23%. This meta-analysis provides robust evidence supporting the association between obesity and both severe depression and severe anxiety in the Saudi Arabian population. The findings underscore the importance of addressing mental health issues in individuals with higher BMIs. Future research should explore the underlying mechanisms of this association and evaluate the effectiveness of tailored interventions to promote holistic well-being in this population. These insights contribute to the development of targeted public health strategies for addressing the complex interplay between mental health and weight status in Saudi Arabia.