Teacher Behavior Instruments in Physical Education Based on Motivational and Leadership Theories: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Grounded in motivational and leadership theories, this review aimed to identify and analyze the instruments used in peer-reviewed journals that assessed the motivational environment or the leadership style in Physical Education (PE). Five databases were searched until July 2023: Web of Science, SCOPUS, PsycINFO, SportDiscus, and ERIC. Reporting in this review aligns with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Studies including different combinations of groups of keywords related to teacher behaviors and motivational and leadership theories were selected. A total of 67 instruments from 60 articles were extracted and checked using a quality assessment list. This systematic review outlines the available motivational and leadership theory based-instruments and their characteristics to measure teacher behaviors in PE. Such information may help inform how teachers/researchers can assess the motivational atmosphere or the leadership style adopted in PE. Also, findings could be used to apply or/and upgrade the existing tools.