Identification of Groundwater Recharge Potential Zones in Islamabad and Rawalpindi for Sustainable Water Management

Abstract

Groundwater is a vital freshwater resource for Pakistan, particularly in the rapidly urbanizing cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. However, rising demand, changing land use, and climate uncertainty pose significant risks to its long-term availability. This study employs the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Remote Sensing (RS), and Geographic Information System (GIS) to map groundwater potential zones (GWPZs). A total of eleven parameters, including Rainfall, slope, elevation, drainage density, soil type, water table depth, land use/land cover (LULC), and remote sensing indices (NDVI, MSI, TWI, and LST), were used for the identification of groundwater potential zones. The results showed that 51.96% of the study area is classified as having “moderate” groundwater potential, while 5.64% and 33.09% are categorized as “very high” and “high” potential zones, respectively. Conversely, 8.25% and 1.04% of the area are classified as “low” and “very low” zones, respectively. Parameters such as steep slopes, urbanization, and high land surface temperatures hinder recharge, whereas gentle slopes, vegetation, and shallow water tables enhance recharge potential. In semi-arid, urbanizing areas, the integrated AHP–GIS–RS techniques provide a reliable and cost-effective method for mapping GWPZs, offering essential decision support for sustainable water resource management.