Serum Growth Differentiation Factor 15 Levels Are Associated With Depression After Ischemic Stroke

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The effect of serum growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) on poststroke depression (PSD) remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the association between serum GDF-15 and PSD among patients with ischemic stroke. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study was based on a random sample from CATIS (China Antihypertensive Trial in Acute Ischemic Stroke). A total of 572 patients from 7 participating hospitals with GDF-15 levels were included in this analysis. The study outcome was depression (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score ≥8) at 3 months after ischemic stroke. A total of 231 (40.4%) patients with stroke experienced PSD within 3 months. The multivariate-adjusted odds ratio of PSD associated with the highest tertile of serum GDF-15 was 2.92 (95% CI, 1.36–6.27) compared with the lowest tertile. Each SD increase in log-transformed GDF-15 was associated with a 42% (95% CI, 2%–97%) increased risk of PSD, and a linear association between serum GDF-15 and the risk of PSD was observed (P for linearity=0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Elevated serum GDF-15 levels in the acute phase of ischemic stroke were independently associated with PSD, suggesting that GDF-15 may be a valuable prognostic biomarker for PSD.