Tuberculin Skin Test for Control of Bovine Tuberculosis: Limitation History, Current Challenges and Future Opportunities

Abstract

Bovine Tuberculosis represents an important constraint to the development of livestock industry especially in the developing countries. In addition, as a zoonotic disease, bovine tuberculosis can cause severe impact on public health. The tuberculin skin test (TST) has been the most widely used method for detecting tuberculosis and for many decades is considered a significant asset for the control of the disease among both animals and human. Despite the intensive worldwide application of TST for control of tuberculosis, an increase in the dieses incidences especially in developing countries is evident and denoted the limitations of the currently used test as a tool for disease control. A replacement antigen for tuberculin purified protein derivatives (PPD) that improve skin test specificity without affecting its sensitivity has been a long-standing research goal. Description of a new reagent - of either single or multiple specific antigenic protein(s) - to replace PPD remains a challenge. The current review will through the light on the limitations of the currently used TST with special reference to the current challenges and future opportunities for developing next-generation reagents for more reliable skin test for control of bovine tuberculosis;