Smart Thrombosis Care: The Rise of Closed-Loop Diagnosis-to-Treatment Nano Systems

Abstract

Thrombosis continues to be a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, presenting complex pathophysiological challenges that complicate effective diagnosis and treatment. A holistic approach to thrombosis management, incorporating integrated diagnostic and therapeutic systems, is essential for improving patient outcomes. This review explores the emerging concept of closed-loop diagnosis-to-treatment nanosystems in thrombosis care, with a focus on integrating advanced technologies. Specifically, we examine the targeting of critical components involved in thrombosis, including platelets, coagulation factors, endothelial cells, the fibrinolytic system, and the immune system. Techniques such as platelet aggregation assays, coagulation function tests, biomarker detection, and nanotechnology-based therapies are discussed. Moreover, the application of these integrated systems is reviewed in both the acute and chronic phases of thrombosis, covering conditions such as acute coronary syndrome, acute pulmonary embolism, chronic deep vein thrombosis, and post-surgical thrombosis prevention. Finally, the review highlights potential future developments in integrated thrombosis care, with an emphasis on personalized treatment strategies and the role of emerging technologies in enhancing clinical outcomes. These insights underscore the transformative potential of closed-loop nano-systems in achieving more precise, timely, and effective thrombosis management.