Molecular tools for identifying the geographic origin and sex of military macaws ( Ara militaris) from wildlife rescue centers

Abstract

The green macaw ( Ara militaris), a Neotropical species threatened by illegal trade and habitat loss, is often held in rescue centers where its geographic origin and sex are frequently unknown. In this study, molecular tools (COI gene and sex markers) were used on 70 individuals from five centers in Mexico. Phylogenetic and haplotype analyses identified three main lineages and five regionally structured haplotypes, consistent with previously defined evolutionary units. Sex was determined in 75.7% of individuals, with greater success using blood samples. These results emphasize the importance of identifying origin and sex to prevent hybridization, improve captive breeding efforts, and support genetically informed conservation and reintroduction strategies.