Waste-to-Energy Potential in Medan City, Indonesia: Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Urban Development

Abstract

Medan City, Indonesia, faces significant challenges in managing its municipal solid waste (MSW), with approximately 628,749 tons generated annually. The current waste management system primarily relies on landfills, which are unsustainable and contribute to environmental pollution. This study explores the potential of waste-to-energy (WtE) technologies as a solution to Medan’s waste management challenges and a means to contribute to renewable energy production. The theoretical energy potential of Medan’s MSW is estimated to be 1,747,000 MWh per year, based on its calorific value. However, the implementation of WtE technologies, such as incineration, anaerobic digestion, and gasification, faces technical, economic, environmental, social, and policy challenges. These include infrastructure gaps, high costs, emission concerns, public opposition, and regulatory barriers. Overcoming these challenges requires a multi-stakeholder approach, including partnerships with the private sector and international organizations, integration with local energy and waste management policies, and public education campaigns. By leveraging existing case studies and best practices, Medan can develop a comprehensive WtE strategy that addresses its waste management needs while contributing to renewable energy goals.