Evaluation of the Long-Term Administration of Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) in the Mineral Nutrient’s Bioavailability

Abstract

Nutrient absorption in the human body can be influenced by factors, such as diet and medication use. The interaction between drugs and nutrients may lead to adverse effects, primarily due to reduced levels of essential elements. Therefore, evaluation of these interactions is important to prevent health complications. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), widely used to reduce gastric acid production, have been associated with interactions that may cause disorders. This study aims to assess the continuous use of PPIs and their effect on the bioavailability of Fe, Ca, Zn, Mg, Cu, and K in the diet. Rats were used as an animal model and divided into control and omeprazole-treated groups with subgroups based on treatment durations (10, 30, and 60 days). After each period, animals were euthanized and blood and organs were collected for analysis. Physiological, biochemical, and hematological parameters were evaluated. Elemental quantification was performed by using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The data revealed variations in hematological markers including reductions in red blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit. Changes in the hematimetric indices and leukocyte counts were also observed. Elemental analysis showed imbalances in Fe, Cu, and Ca levels in both the blood and organs. These findings suggest that prolonged PPI administration may negatively affect nutrient availability and physiological stability, highlighting the importance of further investigation into the nutritional consequences of long-term PPI use resulting in conditions such as microcytic anemia, bone malabsorption, and other issues related to mineral deficiency.