Under Siege: Ash management in the wake of the emerald ash borer

Abstract

A conceptual framework designed to protect and preserve ash trees (Fraxinus spp.) from the emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairemaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), at the community level was created in Pennsylvania in 2012. Advancements in the most recent Fraxinus systematics, taxonomy, distribution, and biogeography were reviewed. Description, biology, hosts, damage, invasion, spread, and potential impacts of A. planipennis were summarized. Ash resources at risk were identified, and pest status of A. planipennis was evaluated. Current management strategies for A. planipennis (containment and eradication, host resistance, silviculture, chemical control, biological control, and slow ash mortality) were incorporated into the model plan. A template with stepby- step instructions was made available for communities to develop their own management plans by selecting from four management options (no action, selective management, preemptive management, and aggressive management) to fit their needs. Follow-up training and promotion of the model plan, coupled with technical support and financial assistance to participating communities resulted in 12 finished plans across the state, with more than 7,000 hazard trees removed, 5,000 trees treated, and 3,000 non-host trees planted. Case studies for three communities with implemented plans provided details to the plan development and execution process. The future of ash species and the direction of A. planipennis and ash management in North America are discussed.