Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery: The Spanish Model

Abstract

The Spanish National Health System delivers equitable, high-quality musculoskeletal care through a nationwide network that connects community-based primary care with tertiary trauma and orthopaedic referral centers. The highly competitive and standardized residency program in trauma and orthopaedic surgery in Spain ensures uniform training quality, the possibility for subspecialization, and well-grounded clinical and surgical competency across all regions. Orthopaedic research in Spain has expanded considerably. It is supported by national and regional networks, an increasing participation in multicenter international trials and cross-border collaboration, and a growing academic output of global relevance. The integration of women in Spanish orthopaedics has been increasing, such that the proportion of female orthopaedic residents in Spain was well above that of many other countries in 2022. Spain combines a broadly extended hospital network with a dynamic academic ecosystem, positioning the country as a leading European hub for trauma and orthopaedic innovation, research, and education.