Microbial Mediation of Biogeochemical Cycles in Seagrass Ecosystems: Functions, Stressors, and Technological Innovations

Abstract

Seagrass ecosystems are vital coastal habitats that deliver essential ecological services such as nutrient cycling, sediment stabilization, and long-term carbon sequestration. As key blue carbon sinks, they play a pivotal role in regulating major biogeochemical cycles, particularly nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus, and sulfur through complex interactions between seagrass roots and associated microbial communities. Microbial functions like nitrogen fixation, phosphorus solubilization, and sulfide detoxification are integral to maintaining seagrass productivity, especially in nutrient-poor, anoxic sediments. However, these ecosystems face increasing threats from anthropogenic activities such as eutrophication, habitat destruction, chemical pollution, and climate change, all of which disrupt microbial processes and nutrient fluxes. Such disruptions may transform seagrass meadows from carbon sinks to carbon sources, intensifying climate feedback mechanisms. This review emphasizes current knowledge on the ecological and microbial roles within seagrass systems, drawing attention to case studies from Indian coastal regions that highlight the impact of natural and human-induced stressors on seagrass decline. Additionally, it explores the promise of advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, remote sensing, and genomics for improving the monitoring, restoration, and spatial planning of seagrass habitats. Tools like deep learning algorithms, satellite imagery, and SNP genotyping provide precise data on ecosystem health and resilience. Integrating these innovations with national policies such as the National Environment Policy, Wildlife Action Plan, and Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) guidelines is essential for effective conservation. A multidisciplinary, ecosystem-based strategy that emphasizes microbial diversity, genetic adaptation, and technological innovation is imperative to safeguard these critical marine habitats amid rapid environmental change.