GIS-based Spatial Modelling of Shallow Groundwater Quality: an Evaluation in High Populated Area of Sukoharjo, Indonesia

Abstract

The development of a region can be characterised by the increasing population, regional facilities, and infrastructure. Kartasura District is one of the areas in Sukoharjo, Indonesia, that has experienced very rapid development. This negatively impacts the quantity and quality of its shallow groundwater. Water quality evaluation is needed since most of the community still uses groundwater for hygiene activities, sanitation, and drinking water. This study aimed to model shallow groundwater quality in Kartasura spatially. Field surveys and laboratory analysis were conducted across 12 villages in the study area. A comprehensive quality assessment was then carried out using nine parameters of the water quality index (WQI). Water quality modelling was performed utilising tools from the Geographic Information System (GIS) platform. Our results showed that poor class dominated the shallow groundwater quality in the study area. Specifically, poor water quality was found in the land uses of settlements and rice fields. Meanwhile, a moderate water quality index was found in the settlements and mixed gardens. These findings suggest that improvement in shallow water management is required, particularly in the region where settlements are close to industrial areas.