Effects of 2-year cocoa extract supplementation on inflammaging biomarkers in older US adults: Findings from the COcoa Supplement and Multivitamin Outcomes Study randomised clinical trial

Abstract

Objective To examine the long-term effect of cocoa flavanols on inflammaging biomarkers in the COcoa Supplement and Multivitamin Outcomes Study (COSMOS). Methods COSMOS is a large, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 2 × 2 factorial trial testing the effects of a cocoa extract supplement (containing 500 mg cocoa flavanols/day, including 80 mg (-)-epicatechin) among women aged ≥65 years and men aged ≥60 years. This ancillary study measured five widely used serum inflammaging biomarkers, including three pro-inflammatory markers (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hsCRP], interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor-α), one anti-inflammatory cytokine (interleukin-10) and one pleotropic cytokine (interferon-γ [IFN-γ]) in a random sample of 598 participants with biospecimens collected at baseline, Year 1, and Year 2. Results The mean age was 70.0 ± 5.6 years, and 49.8% were female. Cocoa extract supplementation significantly decreased hsCRP levels compared with placebo, with a between-group difference in yearly percentage change relative to baseline levels of -8.4% (95% CI, -14.1% to -2.3%; nominal P =. 008; Holm-adjusted P value =. 039). Moreover, cocoa extract increased IFN-γ with a 6.8% (95% CI, 1.5% to 12.2%, nominal P =. 011; Holm-adjusted P value =. 043) difference in yearly percentage change versus placebo. The effects of cocoa extract on other inflammatory markers were not significant (all adjusted P values >.05). Conclusion Cocoa extract supplementation significantly decreased hsCRP, supporting a role in modulating the chronic inflammaging process as a potential mechanism underlying its cardio-protective effects, including a 27% reduction in cardiovascular disease death in the COSMOS trial. The biological effect of increased IFN-γ by cocoa extract warrants further exploration.