Life-history correlates of suboptimal adaptation to rainforest biota by spitting cobras, Naja nigricollis, in southern Nigeria: Comparative evidences with sympatric forest cobras, Naja melanoleuca

Abstract

The region of continuous rainforest in southern Nigeria is inhabited by two species of cobras (Naja melanoleuca and N. nigricollis), and is nowadays subjected to devastating deforestation due to human activity (mainly oil extraction and exploration projects) and overpopulation. Evidence is presented that the forest species (N. melanoleuca) was much more common than the savanna species (N. nigricollis) in the recent past when rates of deforestation were much smaller than today. Nowadays, the savanna species is very common and widespread, not only in suburban and altered habitats, but also in mature secondary forests. Moreover, contrary to the forest species, it is peculiar in that it greatly reduces its feeding rates during the peak of the dry season. These reduced feeding rates were observed in both adults and juveniles, in both males and females, and in three different habitat types (forest, suburbs, and forest-plantation mosaic). No links with reproductive biology can be advocated to explain such a pattern. It is hypothesized that this ecological pattern reflects suboptimal adaptation of the savanna species to rainforest biota, and is a "ghost" of this species' recent invasion of the rainforest region.