Sustainability of the cocoa systems in native communities of the Imaza district, Amazonas, Peru

Abstract

Introduction: Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) production is a key socioeconomic activity for the Awajún Indigenous communities of the Imaza district (Amazonas, Peru), where it represents the principal source of household income. However, limited technical assistance, geographic isolation, and exposure to climate variability create challenges for achieving sustainable production. This study aimed to identify sustainability indicators in cocoa production across economic, social, and environmental dimensions, emphasizing ancestral knowledge and local perceptions of climate change. Methods: A total of 120 cocoa producers from six Awajún communities (Pakuy, Shushug, Shushui, Shushunga, Uyunsa, and Yangunga) were surveyed using structured questionnaires, field observation, and participatory workshops. Quantitative data were analyzed using ANOVA, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA). Qualitative information was analyzed through thematic content analysis. Results: Significant differences were found among communities in annual cocoa production (160–770 kg·ha-1·year-1), price per kilogram (8.8–14.7 PEN·kg-1), and access to financial capital (χ² = 14.37; p = 0.013). PCA revealed that 52.6% of the observed variance was explained by income diversification, market access, and educational level. Communities with irrigation systems and technical assistance (Uyunsa, Pakuy) exhibited greater productivity, whereas isolated communities (Shushug, Yangunga) showed higher vulnerability to climate variability. Traditional practices—such as the use of Amburana cearensis and Cedrela odorata as shade trees and the burial of organic residues—enhanced agroecosystem resilience. Discussion: The integration of quantitative sustainability metrics with Indigenous ecological knowledge highlights structural inequalities that influence the sustainability of cocoa systems. The findings emphasize the need for differentiated and intercultural public policies that strengthen technical assistance, access to financial services, and territorial governance.