Ecotoxicity and Preliminary Risk Assessment of Nonivamide as a Promising Marine Antifoulant

Abstract

The unclear environmental performance of nonivamide limits its application as a marine antifoulant. In this study, the natural degradation of nonivamide was studied in seawater and tap water. The half-life was 5.8 d, 8.8 d, 12.2 d, and 14.7 d in seawater and tap water in photolysis and biolysis, respectively. Furthermore, the ecotoxicity of nonivamide was assessed using marine microalgae, Chlorella vulgaris and Platymonas sp.; E C 50, 6 d values on the growth of Chlorella vulgaris and Platymonas sp. were 16.9 mg L-1 and 19.21 mg L-1, respectively. The toxicity and environmental risk of nonivamide on microalgae were significantly decreased due to the natural degradation in seawater.