Glyphosate in poultry production: health risks, toxicity, and environmental impact

Abstract

SUMMARY: Glyphosate (GLP) is a widely used broad-spectrum herbicide, particularly in genetically modified (GM) crop systems, making it the most frequently applied herbicide worldwide. While it plays a vital role in weed control and pre-harvest desiccation, concerns have arisen regarding its environmental impact, food safety, and potential health risks. Glyphosate and its metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) have been detected in crops, animal feed, poultry, and water sources, prompting scrutiny of their long-term effects. Studies indicate that glyphosate disrupts enzymatic pathways, particularly by inhibiting the cytochrome P450 system, leading to oxidative stress, endocrine disruption, and mitochondrial dysfunction. It has been linked to liver and kidney toxicity, gut microbiota alterations, reproductive harm, developmental defects, and possible carcinogenicity, though regulatory agencies remain divided on its classification as a carcinogen. The synergistic toxic effects of commercial glyphosate formulations and their bioaccumulation in animal tissues are often overlooked in current safety assessments. Chronic exposure to glyphosate residues in poultry feed disrupts gut microbiota balance, reduces nutrient absorption, and impairs immune function, negatively impacting growth and reproduction. Its environmental persistence raises concerns about its impact on biodiversity and soil microbiota. At the same time, the widespread use of glyphosate-tolerant GM crops has contributed to herbicide-resistant weed development. Emerging herbicide-resistant weeds highlight the urgent need for alternative and sustainable weed management strategies. Given the increasing dependence on glyphosate, comprehensive risk assessments and stricter regulatory oversight are essential to ensure consumer safety and environmental protection. This review rigorously analyses the biochemical, toxicological, and ecological impacts of glyphosate with a particular focus on poultry, integrating contemporary scientific knowledge to furnish a thorough comprehension of its hazards and advantages. The results underscore the necessity for ongoing monitoring, enhanced regulatory structures, and sustainable farming methods to mitigate glyphosate-associated dangers while preserving agricultural output and ensuring poultry safety.