Impact of electrical vehicle (EV) penetration on the cost-optimal building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) at a small residential district in Sweden

Abstract

Buildings are transforming into prosumers because of the intensive growth in photovoltaics (PV), electric vehicles (EV) and home batteries. To adapt such transformation trend, this paper optimizes the cost-optimal capacity and positions of building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) in a small residential district in Sweden, by considering thermal-electricity loads, power sharing among neighbour buildings, and electrical storage. This study focuses on two optimization scenarios with two different objectives: (1) maximizing net present value (NPV) of the BIPV system, and (2) achieving 27% renewable energy sources (RES) (as set by EU Framework for climate and energy).The optimization is performed with varying penetration of EV demand. The results show that: in scenario (1) the increase in EVs enables larger BIPV capacity with slightly improved self-consumption and thus with a little more profit. In scenario (2) however the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of the self-consumed electricity sensibly increases with growing presence of EVs, leading to the decreased profit. In conclusion, three main factors were found that are negatively affecting the performance of BIPV in relation to the EVs in the Swedish residential sector: A low electricity price in summer, a prevalence of the EV load at night, and the absence of PV over-production in winter.