An extraintestinal, pathogenic isolate of Escherichia coli (O4/K54/H5) can produce a group 1 capsule which is divergently regulated from its constitutively produced group 2, K54 capsular polysaccharide

Abstract

We are studying an O4/K54/H5 Escherichia coli bacteremic isolate (CP9) as a model pathogen for extraintestinal infection. Its group 2, K54 capsular polysaccharide is an important virulence determinant and confers serum resistance. In this study the effect of the group 1 capsule regulators, RcsA, RcsB, and Lon protease, on the regulation of CP9's capsular polysaccharides was assessed. It was established that in the presence of multicopy rcsA or with disruption of lon, CP9 can be induced to produce a group 1 capsule. RcsA, RcsB, and Lon are present in this K54 background and regulate group 1 capsule expression in a fashion similar to that described for K-12 strains. Two independent group 2 capsule gene protein fusions (cl1.29::TnphoA and cl1.137::TnphoA) were used to evaluate the effects of these regulators on group 2 K54 capsule production. Disruption of lon resulted in 1.9-fold (TR293 [cl1.29::TnphoA lon-146]) and 3.4-fold (TR1373 [cl1.137::TnphoA lon-146]) decreases in fusion activity at 28°C, relative to the baseline level. However, decreases in fusion activity at 42°C were only 1.2- and 1.4-fold, respectively. Inactivation of both lon and rcsA or lon and rcsB restored fusion activity to baseline levels at 28°C, but only a partial restoration of activity was seen at higher temperatures. To assess whether these differences in fusion activity reflected a functional change in capsule production, the effects of 80% normal human serum (NHS) were tested against CP9 and TR93 (lon-146). Since the group 2 K54 capsule protects against the bactericidal activity of 80% NHS, a decrease in its production results in an increase in serum sensitivity. Viable counts of CP9 increased 10-fold in 80% NHS over 3 h at 28°C, as expected. In contrast to CP9, TR93 (lon-146) incurred a 10-fold loss in viability under the same conditions. The levels of RcsA are increased in TR93 (lon-146) as a consequence of lon disruption; therefore, these results in conjunction with the cl1::TnphoA protein fusion data establish RcsA as a negative regulator of the group 2 K54 capsular polysaccharide. Its action appears to be mediated through RcsB and is greatest at 28°C but decreases at higher temperatures. Furthermore, these results also suggest the existence of another Lon-sensitive negative regulator of group 2 K54 capsule production, which is active at higher temperatures.