Deception: Types, principles, and tactics

Abstract

Aim/Purpose The paper provides general background on the who, what, when, and why of de-ception. Methodology It uses a naturalistic observational methodology. Whenever possible, the paper provides examples. Contribution The research cited in this paper comes from a large variety of disparate fields of study. As such, it is one of the few multidisciplinary attempts to understand deception. Findings The research uncovered general principles for conducting deception and tactics that support these principles. Impact on Society The authors hope that this paper's finding will shed light on the topic of fake news as well as misinformation and disinformation, particularly in politics.