Identification of water origin model in the West Tompaso Minahasa, North Sulawesi, Indonesia

Abstract

Sixteen water samples were collected from the river, spring, and hot spring at the West Tompaso in Minahasa Region, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. The water types were identified as Ca-HCO3, Ca-SO4, Na-HCO3, Na-SO4, and H-SO4. The samples water of TS-1, TS-02, TS-03, TS-04, WT-11, and T-12 are Ca-HCO3 type. The origin of this water type is shallow groundwater. Another water samples of TS-05, TS-06, TS-07, GS-13, GS-14, and GS-15 are Ca-SO4 type. These water types were identified as hot springs. Two samples of water of WT-10 and WT-16 are Na-HCO3 type. These waters come from the confined aquifer. The sample water of BK-08 is Na-SO4 type. This water is saline affected water and comes from the hot spring. BK-9 is H-SO4 type. This water type is steam-heated water and rich acidic water. All samples of water origin are shallow groundwater and surface water. Shallow groundwater model at the West Tompaso was developed.