Prediction of deep vein thrombosis by ultrasonography and D-dimer in Asian patients with ischemic stroke

Abstract

Background: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is an important complication of ischemic stroke, although the incidence of DVT is regarded as being lower in Asian than in non-Asian patients. Here, we investigated the incidence and factors associated with DVT in Asian patients with ischemic stroke. Methods: Acute ischemic stroke patients received lower extremity ultrasonography (LEUS) to diagnose the presence of DVT. Clinical characteristics and laboratory results, including D-dimer level, were compared between patients with and without DVT. Independent risk factors for DVT were investigated using multivariable analysis. Similar analysis was performed to identify factors associated with elevated D-dimer level (> 0.5 mg/dl) in acute ischemic stroke patients. Results: During the study period, 289 patients were enrolled, and 38 (13.1%) showed DVT. Female sex (OR = 2.579, 95% CI = 1.224-5.432; p = 0.013) and a high National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score (OR = 1.191 95% CI = 1.095-1.294; p = 0.005) were independently associated with the presence of DVT, although D-dimer level was not. Stroke mechanism, especially cardioembolic stroke (OR = 3.777, 95% CI = 1.532-9.313; p = 0.004; reference: large artery atherosclerosis), NIHSS score (OR = 1.087, 95% CI = 1.002-1.179; p = 0.001) and thrombolysis (OR = 12.360, 95% CI 2.456-62.213; p = 0.002) were independently associated with elevated abnormal D-dimer levels. Conclusion: The severity of ischemic stroke, but not the D-dimer level, was associated with the presence of DVT in Asian ischemic stroke patients. D-dimer level was influenced by the stroke mechanism. LEUS in patients with severe neurological deficit, rather than screening with D-dimer, may be more beneficial for diagnosing DVT in Asian patients with acute ischemic stroke.