Designing microparticle-impregnated polyelectrolyte composite: The combination of ATRP, fast azidation, and click reaction using a single-catalyst, single-pot strategy

Abstract

Polystyrene microparticles were covalently impregnated into the networks of functional polyelectrolyte chains designed via a tandem run of three reactions: (i) synthesis of water-soluble polyelectrolyte, (ii) fast azidation and (iii) a ‘click’ reaction, using the single-catalyst, single-pot strategy at room temperature in mild aqueous media. The model polyelectrolyte sodium polystyrenesulfonate (NaPSS) was synthesized via the well-controlled atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) whose halogen living-end was transformed to azide and subsequently coupled with an alkyne carboxylic acid through a ‘click’ reaction using the same ATRP catalyst, throughout. Halogen to azide transformation was fast and followed the radical pathway, which was explained through a plausible mechanism. Finally, the success of microparticle impregnation into the NaPSS network was evaluated through Kaiser assay and imaging. This versatile synthetic procedure, having a reduced number of discrete reaction steps and eliminated intermediate work-ups, has established a fast and simple pathway to design functional polymers required to fabricate stable polymer-particle composites where the particles are impregnated covalently and controllably.